In addition to extending the Bush tax cuts, providing relief from the AMT, and cutting the payroll tax by two percentage points, the recently enacted “Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010” (Tax Relief Act) extends a host of other important tax breaks for businesses and individuals.

The provisions extend partial relief to individual taxpayers from the alternative minimum tax, or AMT. Earlier temporary measures to deal with the unintended creep of the AMT's reach expired at the end of 2009, meaning that more than 20 million additional taxpayers would have faced paying the tax on their 2010 returns without the new relief.

The recently enacted “Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010” includes a two-year extension of the American Opportunity tax credit for college costs. Added to the tax code in 2009 as a temporary replacement of the previous Hope tax credit, the American Opportunity credit both increased the tax relief available for students from middle-income families and extended relief for the first time to students from lower-income families.

The heart of the recently enacted “Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010” is a two-year extension of the Bush tax cuts. But what, exactly, are the Bush tax cuts?